![]() ![]() ![]() The original- ity of the congregations is no longer mono-ethnic, which is Chinese. Mandarin is used in church ser- vices, whereas Indonesian language and English are also employed. They embrace not only Chinese culture but also mixed Chinese culture with Western culture and Indonesian culture, which results in the so-called hybrid culture. They still regard themselves as totok, but the meaning of totok has changed. After almost a century in Surabaya, there is some continuity and change of the Chinese Christian identity. The article examines the culture, language, and origin of the Chinese Christians. ![]() The totok Chinese churches refer to churches that conduct the church services in the Chinese language or Mandarin (Guoyu). The THKTKH has become two independent synods, namely Gereja Kristus Tuhan (GKT, or the Church of Christ the Lord) and Gereja Kristen Ab- diel (GKA, or the Abdiel Christian Church). They estab- lished the first Chinese church - the Tiong Hoa Kie Tok Kauw Hwee (THKTKH) in Surabaya. The Chinese Christians refer to those who arrived in Sura- baya from mainland China as Protestant Christians in the 1900s. This article explores the identities of Chinese Christians in the totok Chinese churches in Surabaya. ![]()
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